Digital museum showcasing the collection of worldwide legends over the years! 千古不朽博物館展示多年來收藏的世界傳奇故事!
Ming Dynasty,
Chongzhen Tongbao
(Downward Hu)
明 崇禎通寶
(背下戶)
Item number: A955
Year: AD 1627-1644
Material: Brass
Size: 24.0 x 24.4 x 0.9 mm
Weight: 3.3 g
Manufactured by: Ministry of Revenue, Beijing
Provenance:
1.Noonans 2022
2. D. L. F. Sealy Collection
This is a “Chongzhen Tongbao” coin, issued during the reign of Chongzhen, the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty (AD 1627-AD 1644). During Chongzhen’s reign, the Ming Empire faced severe internal and external challenges, including peasant uprisings led by Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong, as well as the rising threat of the Manchu “Later Jin” regime outside the Great Wall. Desperately in need of funds, Chongzhen significantly increased taxes and decentralised the exclusive minting rights previously held by Beijing and Nanjing to various provinces and units. This decentralisation resulted in a highly diverse range of “Chongzhen Tongbao” coin designs.
The coin features the typical square-holed design characteristic of traditional Chinese currency, with an additional hole on the outer rim. On the obverse, the four characters “崇禎通寶” (Chongzhen Tongbao) are inscribed in regular script, following the sequence of top, bottom, right, and left.
The upper part of the coin’s reverse side bears the Chinese character “户” (Hu), indicating that it was minted by the Ministry of Revenue in the capital, which was responsible for managing finances. At the beginning of Emperor Chongzhen’s reign, the Chongzhen Tongbao coins were minted with a standard weight of “1 Mace 3 Candareens” (approximately 4.8 grams). However, as the political situation deteriorated, the weight gradually decreased to “8 Candareens” (about 2.984 grams). Over time, local mints and private entities ceased to adhere to these standards, leading to a collapse in regulatory compliance, symbolising the decline of the Ming Dynasty.
The Chongzhen Tongbao coins are notable for their highly varied reverse designs, which often include indicators of weight, cyclical year dates, mint locations, and auspicious phrases. Among these, there is a unique variant featuring an engraved galloping horse. According to one interpretation, this special type was minted by the Chongzhen Emperor, who was born in the Year of the Horse, for good fortune. However, given the historical context of the Ming dynasty’s imminent collapse, it is more widely believed among the populace that this design ominously foretold the impending conquest of Beijing by the rebel leader Li Zicheng, known as the “Dashing King.”
During the late Ming dynasty, the empire was severely impacted by the Little Ice Age, which brought about frequent droughts and famines. In AD 1629, an unemployed postal worker named Li Zicheng joined a band of rebel farmers and soon gained a following among the desperate and destitute, earning the moniker “Dashing King.” By AD 1644, Li Zicheng had captured key cities such as Xi’an, Luoyang, and Kaifeng, and declared himself emperor of the newly established “Shun” dynasty, subsequently launching an attack on the Ming capital, Beijing.
At that time, the Ming dynasty’s elite troops were stationed at the Shanhai Pass to defend against the advancing forces of the Manchus (Later Jin), leaving Beijing poorly defended. Consequently, Li Zicheng’s forces easily breached the capital’s defences. Facing this dire situation, the Chongzhen Emperor ordered the Empress to hang herself and personally killed his daughters. Accompanied by a single eunuch, he then hanged himself on Meishan Hill, thus bringing an end to the 276-year reign of the Ming dynasty.