Item number: M200-2

Year: AD 1905

Material: Bronze

Size: 60.7 x 32.7 x 2.2 mm

Weight: 20.7 g

Provenance:

1. Heritage Auctions 2023

2. Nicolas D. Wood Collection

In AD 1905, according to the US War Department’s announcement, the “Philippine Campaign Medal” was awarded to officers and soldiers who participated in the suppression of the Filipino resistance movement between AD 1899 and AD 1913. The medal comes in two versions for the army and navy. This item is the army version, with a total issuance of 44,000 pieces.

The medal is circular in shape, with a ring suspension connecting to a ribbon. The ribbon has a dark blue background with narrow red stripes on the left and right sides and is worn in the style of a breast ribbon. In the centre of the medal is a palm tree, symbolising the tropics, with an oil lamp on the left side and scales on the right side. The outer ring is inscribed with the words “PHILIPPINE INSURRECTION,” representing the interpretation by the US government, and “1899” below, which is the year the Filipinos began their resistance.

On the reverse side of the medal is a spread-winged bald eagle standing on a cannon, flags, and weapons, with thirteen stars as decoration at the bottom. Below the eagle, the words “FOR SERVICE” are inscribed in English, and the outer ring is inscribed with “UNITED STATES ARMY.” The lower edge of the medal is engraved with the issue number “No. 18879,” indicating that the recipient was Corporal James F. Hibbard, who served in the 30th Infantry Regiment of the Army. In the earlier part of the year AD 1900, Corporal Hibbard was also involved in the actions of the United States military against the Boxer Rebellion.

The conflict between the United States and the Philippines traces back to the Spanish-American War of AD 1898. During this time, the United States allied with the Filipino resistance led by Emilio Aguinaldo to jointly oppose Spain, the former colonial ruler of the Philippines. In January AD 1899, Aguinaldo declared the establishment of the “First Philippine Republic.” However, in December of the preceding year, the United States acquired sovereignty over the Philippines through the signing of the Treaty of Paris with Spain.

On February 4, AD 1899, armed Filipino forces clashed with American troops in Manila, marking the beginning of the Philippine-American War. Under the command of Arthur MacArthur (the father of Douglas MacArthur), the US military deployed up to 70,000 troops in the Philippines at one point. The 30th Infantry Regiment, to which Corporal Hibbard belonged, was involved in the Battle of Mindoro in AD 1901.

In March AD 1901, organised resistance in the Philippines subsided with the surrender of President Aguinaldo, but sporadic resistance continued until AD 1913. In AD 1916, the United States granted the Philippines autonomy, and in AD 1934, the Philippine Commonwealth was established. The Philippines had to wait until the end of World War II, and its full independence was declared with the Manila Treaty in AD 1946.

物件編號: M200-2

年代: 公元 1905 年

材質: 青銅

尺寸: 60.7 x 32.7 x 2.2 mm

重量: 20.7 g

來源:

1. 海瑞得拍賣行 2023

2. 尼古拉斯·D·伍德舊藏

這是公元1905年，按美國戰爭部公告的〈第五號命令〉，授予參加公元1899至1913年間，鎮壓菲律賓反抗運動的官兵之青銅製「菲律賓戰役獎章」。該獎章分為陸海軍兩種版本，本物件為陸軍版本，其發行量為4.4萬枚。

獎章外觀為圓形，以環形懸掛銜接綬帶。綬帶為深藍底色在左右各有一條窄紅色條，並且以胸綬方式配戴。獎章中央是一株象徵熱帶的棕櫚樹，左側是一把油燈，右側是一座天秤。外圈的銘文以英文寫上「菲律賓暴亂」即美國政府眼中的詮釋，下方的「1899」是菲律賓人開始反抗的年份。獎章背面是一隻腳踏大砲、旗幟和武器的展翅白頭鷹，最下方以十三顆星星為裝飾。老鷹下方以英文寫有「用於服務」，外圈的銘文則是「美國陸軍」。獎章下緣鐫刻「No. 18879」頒發序號，其獲獎者是服役於陸軍第30步兵團的詹姆斯·F·希巴德下士。

美菲衝突能上溯至公元1898年的美西戰爭，彼時美國以盟友立場跟埃米利奧·阿奎納多領導的反抗軍，共同對抗菲律賓的原統治者西班牙。公元1899年1月，阿奎納多對外宣告「菲律賓第一共和國」成立，然而稍早的12月，美國藉著跟西班牙簽訂《巴黎和約》轉讓到菲律賓的主權。公元1899年2月4日，菲律賓武裝勢力跟馬尼拉的美軍發生衝突，開啟菲律賓第一次獨立戰爭的序幕。美軍在阿瑟·麥克阿瑟(道格拉斯·麥克阿瑟之父)指揮下，一度在菲律賓駐紮7萬人的兵力。希巴德下士所屬的第30步兵團，便被投入公元1901年的民都洛島爭奪戰。公元1900年稍早之際，希巴德下士也曾參與美軍對付義和團的行動。

公元1901年3月，菲律賓有組織的反抗隨著總統阿奎納多投降告一段落，但仍有零星反抗持續至公元1913年為止。公元1916年，美國授予菲律賓自治權，並於公元1934年成立菲律賓自由邦。菲律賓要待第二次世界大戰結束，於公元1946年的《馬尼拉條約》方才宣告完全獨立。