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Qing Dynasty,
Qianlong Tongbao,
Bao Giyan Bureau
(Privately Minted Version 1)
清
乾隆通寶
寶黔局造
(私鑄一版)
Item number: A625
Year: AD 1735-1796
Material: Brass
Size: 19.7 x 19.6 x 0.4 mm
Weight: 1.25 g
Manufactured by: Bao Giyan Bureau
Provenance:
1. Noonans 2022
2. D. L. F. Sealy Collection
This is a “Qianlong Tongbao” coin issued by the Bao Giyan Bureau in Guizhou Province during the reign of the sixth emperor of the Qing dynasty, Emperor Qianlong, who ruled from AD 1735 to AD 1796. The coin is of the square-holed variety.
The outer rim, inner rim, and central square hole of this coin are severely worn. The inner rim on the obverse is inscribed with the Chinese characters “Qianlong Tongbao” (乾隆通寶). The inner rim on the reverse bears the Manchu script “ᠪᠣᠣ ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ” (Boo Giyan).
In the Qing Dynasty, most coins did not explicitly indicate their denominations but were distinguished by size and weight. The typical cash had a diameter ranging from 24.2 to 28.0 mm and weighed between 3.8 and 4.2 g. This Qianlong Tongbao coin, however, has a diameter of 19.7 mm and weighs only 1.25 g. Furthermore, the script on the coin, whether in Manchu or Chinese, displays a loose structure and distorted proportions, indicating that it does not adhere to the official production style. Given the significant prevalence of private minting during the Qianlong period, it is speculated that this coin may be a privately minted piece.
Due to its low productivity and underdeveloped economy, Guizhou Province primarily conducted early trade using salt for smaller transactions and silver for larger ones. As a result, the Qing dynasty did not consider it necessary to establish a mint in Guizhou Province. However, in the 7th year of the Yongzheng reign (AD 1729), with the stabilisation of copper mining and the production of lead in Guizhou, the Bao Giyan Bureau was finally established.
The operations of the Bao Giyan Bureau were inconsistent, with production fluctuating in both frequency and volume. This was primarily due to two factors: First, when the market demand for coins exceeded supply, additional furnaces were established to increase production. Conversely, when demand decreased, furnace operations were reduced or halted altogether. Second, the price of raw materials, particularly copper, had a significant impact. The mint mainly relied on copper from Yunnan, purchasing 236,000 kilogrammes annually during the Qianlong period. If the price of Yunnan copper increased or transportation difficulties arose, coin production would be suspended.
The establishment of the Bao Giyan Bureau also altered the local currency usage, transitioning from the exclusive use of silver for trade and tax payments to a system where both copper and silver circulated together. Copper coins were introduced into the market through wage payments and transactions conducted by official money shops. However, according to the Statutes of the Great Qing, records show that during the Qianlong period, the Bao Giyan Bureau had the highest minting costs. To increase profits, the coins produced by the Bao Giyan Bureau often weighed less than the centrally mandated standard of 1.2 mace.