Tang Dynasty
Kaiyuan Tongbao
(Leftward Pitching Crescent Version)
唐
開元通寶
(背左仰月)
Item number: A839
Year: AD 649-907
Material: Bronze
Size: 24.2 x 24.4 x 0.7 mm
Weight: 2.65 g
Provenance:
1. Noonans 2022
2. D. L. F. Sealy Collection
This coin, issued starting from the 4th year of the Wude era during the reign of Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty (AD 621), replaced the “Wu Zhu” coinage system that had been in use since the Han Dynasty. Known as the “Kaiyuan Tongbao,” this coin represents the first instance in Chinese history where the term “Tongbao” was used in the naming of a coin. Its introduction profoundly influenced the development of Chinese coinage over the subsequent millennium.
This coin retains the traditional square-hole design. On the obverse side, the characters “Kaiyuan Tongbao” are inscribed sequentially from top, bottom, right, to left. However, there is also a theory that the characters should be read in a clockwise order as “Kaitong Yuanbao.”
The obverse side of this coin exhibits characteristics of the mid-period type. Given its weight of only 2.65 g, it is most likely minted during the period from the reign of Emperor Gaozong until the fall of the Tang Dynasty. Numismatists divide Kaiyuan Tongbao into three stages according to time:
Type | Period | Feature |
Early-term | Emperor Gaozu to Taizong (AD 621-649) | 1. Plain reverse side 2.「元」The first stroke is shorter 3. 「⻍」Unconnected strokes 4. 「貝」Internal lines are not connected |
Mid-term | Emperor Gaozong to Wuzong (AD 649-846) | 1. Reverse side features a crescent 2.「元」The first stroke is longer 3. 「⻍」Connected strokes |
Late-term | After Emperor Wuzong (AD 847-) | 1. Ugly appearance 2. Lighter weight |
The reverse side of this coin features a pitching crescent-shaped motif on the left side. In China, the crescent moon motif first appeared on coins during the Western Han period. Nevertheless, during the Tang Dynasty, the crescent moon motif acquired a mystical aura in folklore. It was believed that before the coin dies were submitted to the emperor for approval, the crescent moon imprint on them was left by a concubine’s fingernail. There were even variations of this tale, mentioning consorts such as Empress Wende, Empress Dowager Dou, and Consort Yang. Although this belief was debunked by Sima Guang during the Northern Song Dynasty, it continued to inspire literary works by later poets and writers.
According to the Old Book of Tang, the characters on the Kaiyuan Tongbao coin were written by Ouyang Xun, a renowned calligrapher of the early Tang Dynasty. He employed a style that blended clerical script and seal script, known as “bafen clerical script.” The resulting script was both elegant and vigorous, earning widespread admiration in subsequent generations. This led many rulers of later dynasties to use the calligraphy of the Kaiyuan Tongbao as a model for minting their own coinage.
Starting with the reign of Emperor Gaozong, the production of the Kaiyuan Tongbao coin extended throughout the entire Tang Dynasty. Its minting persisted into the subsequent Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period and continued until the early Song Dynasty. Moreover, under the influence of the Tang cultural sphere, regions such as Central Asia produced imitations of the Kaiyuan Tongbao. This widespread replication resulted in numerous distinct variants, contributing to a highly complex array of forms.
物件編號: A839
年代: 公元 649-907 年
材質: 青銅
尺寸: 24.2 x 24.4 x 0.7 mm
重量: 2.65 g
來源:
1. 諾南斯 2022
2. 大衛.萊斯利.福布斯.西利舊藏
這是一枚自唐高祖武德4年(公元621年)起,取代漢代以來的「五銖錢」貨幣系統所發行的「開元通寶」。這是中國歷史上第一枚以「通寶」命名的錢幣,深切影響後續一千多年中國的錢幣發展。
這枚錢幣外觀仍沿襲方孔錢形制。錢幣正面按上、下、右、左的順序,依序鐫刻「開元通寶」四字。但是也有應該以順時針讀作「開通元寶」一說。
這枚錢幣正面的字體,具備中期型的特徵。結合其重量僅為2.65克,極可能是唐高宗以降至唐朝滅亡這段時間所鑄造。錢幣學家將開元通寶按照時間分為三個階段:
種類 | 時間 | 特色 |
初期型 | 唐高祖至唐太宗 (公元621-649年) | 1. 多為光背 2.「元」第一撇較短 3.「⻍」撇不相連 4. 「貝」內部的橫不相連 |
中期型 | 唐高宗至唐武宗 (公元649-846年) | 1. 背面出現月紋 2.「元」第一撇拉長 3.「⻍」撇相連 |
後期型 | 唐武宗以降 (公元847年) | 1. 製作較為醜陋 2. 重量較輕 |