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Nguyen Dynasty
Thieu Tri Tongbao,
Flying Dragon Type
阮朝
飛龍版
紹治通寶
Item number: M133
Year: AD 1841-1847
Material: Silver
Size: 42.0 x 42.0 x 2.2 mm
Weight: 24.35 g
Provenance: Spink 2023
This is a medal called “Thieu Tri Tong Bao,” awarded during the reign of Emperor Thieu Tri of the Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam, from AD 1841 to AD 1847. The silver medal is circular in shape, with a central sun motif on the obverse side. Around the sun, in the “top-bottom-right-left” sequence, are four Chinese characters engraved: “Thieu Tri Tong Bao.” “Thieu Tri” represents the emperor’s reign title, while “Tong Bao” refers to the currency used in China since the Tang Dynasty. This type of currency was adopted by East Asian cultures including Vietnam, Korea, and Japan, showing the deep influence of Chinese culture on Vietnam. On the reverse side of the medal is a five-clawed dragon rising amidst clouds, symbolising the emperor. The dragon’s left front claw holds a dragon pearl.
The “Thieu Tri Tong Bao” medal bears a striking resemblance to coins, leading to its local designation in Vietnam as “Tien” and its designation by the French colonialists as the “Coin of Honour.” The presence of the characters “Tong Bao” on the medal often leads collectors to mistake it for a coin. But there is still the possibility for precious metal-made “Tien” to be used as circulating currency. The presence of slanted lines is the primary characteristic indicating its use as circulating currency. Therefore, the presence of slanted lines on this “Thieu Tri Tong Bao” leads us to not rule out its potential as currency.Currencies during the Nguyen Dynasty in Vietnam were heavily influenced by Chinese practises. Commonly circulated coins were made of cheap metals like copper or zinc, and typically featured square holes. Precious metals like gold or silver were often shaped into rectangular ingots called “Nen,” with the reign title printed in Chinese characters on top. In the 18th century, during the influx of Spanish and Mexican silver dollars into the Far East, Vietnam initially continued the practise of recasting them into “Nen,” before gradually introducing silver or gold “Tien.”
During the Nguyen Dynasty, gold and silver “Tiens” were typically minted by the royal court to honour and appease civil and military officials. Additionally, on special occasions such as New Year, the Song Shan Festival dedicated to elders, or the emperor’s 50th, 60th, and 70th birthdays, “Tien” coins were also awarded as commemorative and reward tokens. For square-holed “Tien” coins, recipients could directly thread a rope through the central hole for wearing, often adorned with tassells as decorations. It is noteworthy that the “Thieu Tri Tong Bao” discussed in this article has two versions: one without hole and one with a square hole, and the difference can be seen from the design on the reverse side of the medal. The former features a “flying dragon,” while the latter depicts “symmetrical twin dragons.”
Before the Nguyen Dynasty ruled Vietnam, there may have been a similar system of awards and medals, but there is a lack of precise records about it. It wasn’t until the arrival of the French in Vietnam in AD 1840 that Europeans first documented a medal reward system resembling Western practises in the imperial court of Hue during the Nguyen Dynasty.
Based on the metal material, one can roughly determine the rank of the “Tien.” The highest rank, known as “Kim Tien” (Gold Tien), has four levels. In the early period of the Nguyen Dynasty, they were made of real gold, but later they gradually shifted to gold plating or basic metals. The next level, “Ngan Tien” (Silver Tien), sometimes follows European practises by indicating rank differences, but many “Silver Tiens” mainly display the regnal year of the emperor without specific rank distinctions.